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本部分包含:0.概述 1.设计和发展 2.运用 历史 3.子型号。 - r! B' C/ r ^( l: v: B; B
中文词条原文链接(无法从中国内地访问):https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%B0%94-761 G+ U6 h! C' I2 M( S
英文词条原文链接(无法从中国内地访问):https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-76
p2 v# x0 H8 S" p1 [* T& h受限于头条外链规则,本文不包含所有的文中链接。带有完整文中链接的版本参见 「链接」* B0 m2 |/ i, r) K
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, Z: @3 W5 x, }6 C \# q+ R封面图片:A Russian Air Force Il-76MD ! b: ?6 e: [# s3 g. [0 O" M \, J
7 |" G# O* l0 R& x. X" K参考译文:一架俄罗斯空军的伊尔-76MD。
5 v2 W/ [8 X/ R1 G2 L& F3 E图片作者:Vitaly V. Kuzmin. s( `4 w- k' d3 j* {- b: N* b7 u
0. 概述
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6 W( E, ?3 h9 z! Q/ e/ M! c辽观注:此标题是我们在搬运和整合时添加的。
$ h9 ~$ r6 X2 c4 T 伊尔 IL-76(俄语:Ил-76)是苏联伊尔设计局(伊留申设计局)研制的四发动机大型运输机。在苏联、东欧地区、亚洲和非洲也有广泛使用。原本的设计为军用运输机,但是在苏联解体后也有大量用作民航用途。而它的北约称号为Candid(耿直)。 9 q1 I" Z, u$ F/ k/ Y
The Ilyushin Il-76 (Russian: Илью́шин Ил-76; NATO reporting name: Candid) is a multi-purpose, fixed-wing, four-engine turbofan strategic airlifter designed by the Soviet Union's Ilyushin design bureau as a commercial freighter in 1967, to replace the Antonov An-12. It was developed to deliver heavy machinery to remote, poorly served areas. Military versions of the Il-76 have been widely used in Europe, Asia and Africa, including use as an aerial refueling tanker or command center.
, i m3 _ O, [/ ^; j2 q参考译文:伊尔-76(Ilyushin Il-76)是苏联伊留申设计局于1967年设计的多用途、固定翼、四发动机涡轮风扇战略空运飞机,作为安东诺夫An-12的替代品,用于商业货运。它被开发出来是为了将重型机械运送到偏远、服务不足的地区。伊尔-76的 军事版本在欧洲、亚洲和非洲得到了广泛应用,包括用作空中加油机或指挥中心。
- n9 o7 |2 B: C# C& _The Il-76 has seen extensive service as a commercial freighter for ramp-delivered cargo, especially for outsized or heavy items that cannot be carried by other means. It has also been used as an emergency response transport for civilian evacuations as well as for humanitarian aid and disaster relief around the world. Due to its ability to operate from unpaved runways, it has been useful in undeveloped areas. Specialized models have also been produced for aerial firefighting and zero-G training.
1 P" Y: Y! n k参考译文:伊尔-76作为一种商业货运飞机,已经广泛应用于坡道交付货物,特别是那些无法通过其他方式运输的大型或重型物品。它也被用作紧急情况下的民用疏散以及全球人道主义援助和灾难救援的运输工具。由于它可以在未铺设的跑道上运行,因此在未开发地区也非常有用。此外,还生产了专门的型号用于空中消防和零重力训练。 ' ]& [5 h! ]: M; t9 Z9 ~: f' v
类型 | Role
! V* |+ A3 C1 a |& C | 军用及民用运输机
1 h4 V- C1 m9 k2 P战略和战术运输机 6 f. ^# V. z2 `2 V& e3 T3 r. h
| 来源国 | National origin / l1 A' y" @, Q3 N
| 苏联 / 俄罗斯 | Soviet Union / Russia 2 ?7 l# r9 _1 v( s2 n1 ]) x8 S
| 设计局 | Design group
6 E! B3 I5 z8 L' k, a, T | 伊留申 | Ilyushin ! w8 X4 G1 a9 h
| 制造者 | Built by $ }9 t0 v, D0 \+ a. r% u" i
| 瓦列里·契卡洛夫塔什干航空制造联合体(TAPO) | Tashkent Aviation Production Association % x/ K O# a5 {* X! w) O
联合航空制造公司 - 乌里扬诺夫斯克飞机制造厂 | Aviastar-SP ; u- p* K# m: `
| 首飞 | First flight
9 K, P& K% \* q0 u' D9 l% U3 e | 1971年3月25日 | 25 March 1971
* ~7 m6 e! O6 N6 G' m$ L9 a | 投入使用 | Introduction
& ^6 b$ Y7 ^7 d b | 1974年6月 | June 1974[1]
% n3 ?9 p& `2 _* u& G9 R. c/ D | 现状 | Status
: r0 M8 o6 A! U6 M( j% V | 在役 | In service / i0 Q5 ]$ N# V9 C; a5 |$ V
| 大用户 | Primary users 6 G+ T Z5 n3 v: |4 t
| 苏联空军(历史上) | Soviet Air Forces (historical)7 l1 M. ?" H0 Y# O
俄罗斯空天军 | Russian Aerospace Forces
& Y/ R% ^ w5 M乌克兰空军 | Ukrainian Air Force
0 n+ [3 S9 g% [* [+ \0 T( h印度空军 | Indian Air Force 9 n) n( Y6 b6 V J4 \# n
| 生产时间 | Produced 0 Z! d! g: ]2 i1 h3 E
| 1971年至今 | 1971–present
. M% _) }1 v8 W1 n0 K* t | 建造数量 | Number built ' N! y# P0 k0 Z+ q( e
| 960架以上 | 960+[2] : y, ^4 ~- {1 q
| 子型号 | Variants
. e" g4 z1 ?# | k; x/ i* `+ @ | 伊尔-78 | Ilyushin Il-78
8 I/ y3 W9 T* c贝利亚耶夫 A-50 “支柱”预警机 | Beriev A-50 $ `5 G6 n( b/ H$ [5 C
空警-2000 | KJ-2000 / q+ q" j" e! O6 Y
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辽观搬运的CC BY-SA 3.0中国内地版协议文本. X! X% F8 |& E1 Y. J
图片题注:苏联时期俄罗斯航空的伊尔-76TD,摄于1985年5月于苏黎世机场。
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图片题注:The Il-76 is ahigh-wingfreighter withfour turbofansand aT-tail.! Q, S2 V" ]8 F
参考译文:伊尔-76是一种高翼货机,有四个涡扇发动机和一个t形尾翼。
" e# }* a1 J5 k, I; v2 ^& I图片作者:BriYYZfrom Toronto, Canada% W& M; `9 Q% b6 s& m5 i
1. 设计和发展 | Design and development
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7 L w: x0 K0 l8 P1.1 起源 | Origins
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The aircraft was conceived by Ilyushin in 1967 to meet a requirement for a freighter able to carry a payload of 40 tonnes (88,000 lb) over a range of 5,000 kilometres (2,700 nmi; 3,100 mi) in less than six hours, able to operate from short[vague] and unprepared airstrips, and capable of coping with the worst weather conditions likely to be experienced in Siberia and the Soviet Union's Arctic regions. It was intended to replace the Antonov An-12. Another project design for a double-decked 250-passenger airliner was cancelled. The Il-76 first flew in March 1971.[3]! B$ c5 L" v9 j5 z2 k* q
参考译文:这架飞机是由伊留申于1967年设计的,以满足在不到六小时内能够携带40吨(88,000磅)有效载荷,覆盖5,000公里(2,700海里;3,100英里)范围,并能从短小和未经准备的跑道上运行,并能应对西伯利亚和苏联北极地区可能遇到的最恶劣天气条件的货运飞机的需求。它旨在取代安东诺夫An-12。另一个设计为双层250座客机的项目被取消。伊尔-76于1971年3月首次飞行。
2 `/ m+ I# {7 G, @) M/ r7 AIL-76于1967年开发,目标是能够运载超过40公吨(88,000磅)的货物于6小时内飞行超过5,000千米(2,700海里,3,100英里)。也可以在苏联境内多数机场设备不全或设施简单的机场起飞,同时要适应苏联不同气候,主要是要克服近极地地区(如:西伯利亚)的严寒气候和高加索地区气温多变的环境。在定好了这些条件后,伊尔设计局就为这飞机设下了以洛克希德C-141为半假想敌。实际上Il-76对起落架和发动机设计就比C-141还要好。此外军用版本还加入了后射机枪,货舱尺寸为20米×3.4米×3.4米。结果在1971年3月25日进行首飞。
# Y' b: A R" H* i+ ~' LProduction of Il-76s was allocated to the Tashkent Aviation Production Association in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, then a republic of the Soviet Union. Some 860 of the basic transport variants were manufactured.[4] In the 1990s, modernized variants also equipped with Soloviev D-30 turbofan engines[5] were developed (MF, TF), with a cargo compartment 20 m (66 ft) long by 3.4 m (11 ft) wide by 3.4 m (11 ft) tall; these larger variants were not produced in significant quantity due to the financial difficulties being experienced by the Russian Air Force, which was the primary operator of the type.[citation needed] The prototype of the Il-76MF conducted its first flight on 1 August 1995.[citation needed]
- g$ U7 X" u) M6 \; j* f8 v参考译文:伊尔-76的生产分配给了位于乌兹别克斯坦塔什干的塔什干航空生产协会,当时是苏联的一个加盟共和国。大约制造了860架基本运输型。在1990年代,配备了索洛维耶夫D-30涡轮风扇发动机的现代化变种(MF,TF)也被开发出来,其货舱长20米(66英尺),宽3.4米(11英尺),高3.4米(11英尺);由于俄罗斯空军(该型号的主要运营商)面临财务困难,这些大型变种并未大量生产。伊尔-76MF原型机于1995年8月1日进行了首次飞行。 7 r9 |" r, N6 b* k1 K! l# J
1.2 进一步发展 | Further development
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4 U* @7 ^, [7 n% ^$ C: E; XFrom 2004 onwards, a number of aircraft in commercial service were modernized to the Il-76TD-90VD version; this involved the adoption of the newly developed PS-90 engine to comply with European noise limitations.[1] In 2005, the People's Republic of China placed an order for 34 new Il-76MDs and four Il-78 tankers.[citation needed] In June 2013, Russian military export agency Rosoboronexport announced an order by China for 12 Il-76MD aircraft.[6], y6 Y8 ?7 r7 B/ A s, d2 b1 B
参考译文:从2004年开始,一些商用飞机被现代化改造为伊尔-76TD-90VD版本;这涉及到采用新开发的PS-90发动机以符合欧洲的噪音限制。[1] 2005年,中华人民共和国订购了34架新的伊尔-76MD和四架伊尔-78加油机。[需要引用] 2013年6月,俄罗斯军事出口机构Rosoboronexport宣布中国订购了12架伊尔-76MD飞机。[6] ) o& @+ t2 Y9 [" k( [8 ]
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辽观搬运的CC BY-SA 3.0中国内地版协议文本) }5 D; V1 J4 o( J9 m
图片题注:Landing gear of an Ilyushin Il-76
$ \* R7 y% E: H9 ~! e& T; D参考译文:一架伊尔-76的起落架
! j& \1 x) m# f- l" N6 l图片作者:Pavel Adzhigildaev% @# D0 j; i; L/ L6 x1 D+ Y
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辽观搬运的CC BY-SA 4.0中英对照国际协议文本7 t4 |6 v F3 a6 h* \: M* E5 [
图片题注:Landing of the Il-76 transport aircraft at theBrestairport
6 Y+ V9 n, ~6 ~2 J8 W: [参考译文:伊尔-76运输机在布雷斯特机场降落- p& {5 K: S% A: |9 G) |' O
图片作者:DCheretovich
: f7 g+ N: ` {) v2 Z9 Z The Il-76 has also been modified into an airborne refuelling tanker, designated the Il-78, around 50 aircraft having been produced.[4] A variant of the Il-76 also serves as a firefighting waterbomber. Its airframe was used as a base for the Beriev A-50 'Mainstay' AEW&C (airborne early warning and control) aircraft; around 25 aircraft were made.[4] Another application for the type was found in Antarctic support flights and for conducting simulated weightlessness training for cosmonauts (akin to the "Vomit Comet" used by NASA).[7] Beriev and NPO Almaz also developed an airborne laser flying laboratory designated A-60, of which two were built, much of this project's details remaining classified.[8]( I! T! T$ ^2 i/ w0 p, h4 W' h* t
参考译文:伊尔-76还被改装成空中加油机,命名为伊尔-78,已生产约50架飞机。[4] 伊尔-76的一个变种也用作灭火水轰炸机。它的机身被用作别里耶夫A-50 "支柱" AEW&C(空中预警和控制)飞机的基础;大约制造了25架飞机。[4] 该型号的另一个应用是在南极洲的支持航班以及进行模拟失重训练,供宇航员使用(类似于NASA使用的“呕吐彗星”)。[7] 别里耶夫和NPO Almaz还开发了一种名为A-60的机载激光飞行实验室,其中建造了两架,该项目的大部分细节仍然保密。[8]
I: H1 v/ }: C6 I1.3 Il-76MD-90A
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- X6 _% ?* ` J9 t9 d+ s3 ]: \2012年9月,伊尔76改进型伊尔-476(伊尔-76MD-90A型)首飞成功[3],可以明显发现其发动机与波音C-17环球霸王III一样采用了大直径的涡轮。12月,首架样机涂装正式完成[4]。 3 C6 k& R6 u6 K K3 p$ d
It was announced in 2010 that the production of a modernized Il-76, the Il-76MD-90A (also known as project Il-476 during the design stage), would begin; a proposed new production line would be located in Aviastar's facility in Ulyanovsk, Russia, and be operated in cooperation with the Tashkent works.[4] At that point, the construction of two Il-76MD-90A prototypes had begun at the Ulyanovsk facility.[9] The first Il-76MD-90A was rolled out at Aviastar's Ulyanovsk plant on 16 June 2014.[10] On 29 April 2015, it was reported that the Russian Aerospace Forces received the first Il-76MD-90A built at the Ulyanovsk plant "Aviastar-SP" from the 2012 contract for 39 aircraft.[11] The Russian Ministry of Defence (MoD) received its first serial production Ilyushin Il-76MD-90A airlifter on 2 April 2019.[12] As of mid-2023, 27 aircraft are ordered to be delivered in the period up to 2028 and 17 had been built.[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]
3 e2 [& @3 \2 \2 f" U; i, v, h参考译文:2010年,宣布将开始生产现代化的伊尔-76,即伊尔-76MD-90A(在设计阶段也被称为伊尔-476项目);拟议的新生产线将位于俄罗斯乌里扬诺夫斯克的Aviastar工厂,并与塔什干工厂合作运营。[4] 当时,已经在乌里扬诺夫斯克工厂开始建造两架伊尔-76MD-90A原型机。[9] 第一架伊尔-76MD-90A于2014年6月16日在Aviastar的乌里扬诺夫斯克工厂下线。[10] 2015年4月29日,据报道,俄罗斯航空航天部队从2012年的39架飞机合同中收到了首架在乌里扬诺夫斯克工厂“Aviastar-SP”生产的伊尔-76MD-90A。[11] 俄罗斯国防部(MoD)于2019年4月2日收到了其首架量产型伊留申伊尔-76MD-90A运输机。[12] 截至2023年年中,已订购了27架飞机,将在2028年前交付,其中17架已经制造完成。[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]
, k, Q1 t0 } T* C+ P$ ], D2. 运用历史 | Operational history z8 W4 p. j" x
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视频题注:2019 landing of Il-76MD on an unpaved airfield
5 b/ ` g1 j8 @6 [9 k j参考译文:2019年伊尔- 76md在未铺设的机场降落
* ^# H. w, Y* v1 Z V+ e+ o9 g视频作者:Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation(俄联邦国防部)0 }, L. p1 W+ J3 z, m0 H1 [
The first aircraft was delivered to the Soviet Air Force in June 1974[1] and subsequently became the main Soviet strategic transport aircraft. From 1976, it was operated by Aeroflot.1 i& c! O" L0 p# V: J. ?
参考译文:第一架飞机于1974年6月交付给苏联空军[1] ,随后成为苏联的主要战略运输机。从1976年开始,它由俄罗斯国际航空公司运营。
m5 ~6 i6 h- OBetween 1979 and 1991, the Soviet Air Force Il-76s made 14,700 flights into Afghanistan, transporting 786,200 servicemen and 315,800 tons of freight. The Il-76 carried 89% of Soviet troops and 74% of the freight that was airlifted. As Afghan rebels were unable to shoot down high-flying Il-76s, their tactics were to try and damage it on takeoff or landing. Il-76s were often hit by shoulder-launched Stinger and Strela heat-seeking missiles and large-calibre machine gun fire, but because the strong airframes were able to take substantial damage and remain operational, the aircraft had a remarkably low attrition rateduring this period of conflict. Building on that experience, the bulk of the Canadian Forces equipment into Afghanistan was flown in using civilian Il-76s.[24] In 2006, the Russian Air Force had about 200 Il-76s. Civilian users in Russia have 108.[4]6 X* `% n. \$ W- x
参考译文:1979年至1991年间,苏联空军的伊尔-76型飞机在阿富汗执行了14700次飞行任务,运送了786200名军人和315800吨货物。伊尔-76型飞机承担了89%的苏军部队和74%的空运货物。由于阿富汗叛军无法击落高空飞行的伊尔-76型飞机,他们试图在起飞或降落时对其进行破坏。伊尔-76型飞机经常受到肩扛式毒刺和斯特雷拉热寻导弹以及大口径机枪火力的攻击,但由于坚固的机身能够承受大量损伤并保持运行,该飞机在冲突期间的损耗率非常低。基于这一经验,加拿大军队进入阿富汗的大部分装备都是使用民用伊尔-76型飞机运输的。[24] 2006年,俄罗斯空军拥有约200架伊尔-76型飞机。俄罗斯民用用户有108架。[4] * u1 F# J1 _; b. b
On 3 August 1995, an Airstan Ilyushin Il-76 piloted by a Russian crew was forced down by a Taliban-controlled Afghanistan Air Force fighter in what became known as the Airstan incident. The crew were imprisoned for nearly a year, but later escaped out of their confinement and managed to sneak into their aircraft still stuck at the airport and fly out of Afghanistan.[25]! q. r+ o9 y/ M# x: y
参考译文:1995年8月3日,一架由俄罗斯机组人员驾驶的Airstan伊留申伊尔-76飞机被塔利班控制的阿富汗空军战斗机迫降,这起事件后来被称为Airstan事件。机组人员被囚禁了近一年,但后来成功逃脱并设法潜入仍在机场滞留的飞机,从阿富汗飞离。[25] ' V$ x! f6 X! O* n! X; |
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: o1 b/ q9 `6 r$ m- {图片题注:USAF and IAF airmen work inside the cockpit of an Indian Il-76.
, D+ c/ l* e7 R3 V" g& T2 A1 ?参考译文:美国空军和印度空军飞行员在印度伊尔-76的驾驶舱内工作。
2 w4 N0 Q, T. W5 I6 W6 t. a5 ?. g 在苏联解体后,就有不同的运用。1999年台湾发生921大地震,俄罗斯政府即派遣IL-76搭载救灾人员及物资飞航台湾,为首次有俄国军用飞机降落台湾。于2005年8月29日(即是卡特里娜飓风消散前一天),俄罗斯决定派遣两架IL-76执行运送人道救援物资的计划。并于9月8日抵达了在刚给飓风洗劫完的小岩城机场。而运送第二批物资的IL-76就在9月14日回程。是俄罗斯第一次有同类行动赈济美国。
4 Z1 F; u+ V# Z3 O$ f; A8 jIn 2004, a Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) Il-76 carried out a flight mission in Afghanistan, and later in 2011, PLAAF Il-76s were sent to Libya to evacuate Chinese citizens. The two missions were the reported first steps of PLAAF developing long-range transportation capability.[26]
# A" t& c( J: V6 k参考译文:2004年,中国人民解放军空军( PLAAF )伊尔-76在阿富汗执行飞行任务,后来在2011年,中国人民解放军空军伊尔-76被派往利比亚撤离中国公民。这两个任务是中国人民解放军空军发展远程运输能力的首次报道。 [26] 7 L$ D8 q6 r; m
On 23 March 2007, a Transaviaexport Il-76 was shot down by an anti-aircraft missile while taking off from Mogadishu, Somalia. Everybody on board, seven crew and four passengers, were killed.[27]
5 L& o" G2 G0 N& t( \参考译文:2007年3月23日, Transaviaexport公司的一架伊尔-76飞机从索马里摩加迪沙起飞时被一枚防空导弹击落。机上七名机组人员和四名乘客全部遇难。 0 J8 T/ S& j9 R4 O: q. u0 i/ ]1 e7 Z
飞赴利比亚接运中国人员的4架中国空军伊尔-76飞机,于2011年3月1日16时许从乌鲁木齐起飞,于北京时间3月2日晚22时30分顺利降落利比亚塞卜哈机场。途中飞经巴基斯坦、阿曼、沙特阿拉伯、苏丹、利比亚等5个国家,飞过阿拉伯海和红海,跨越6个时区、8个空中情报管制区,单程空中飞行时间超过12小时以上。中途在卡拉奇和喀土穆加油。[8] : q0 _, i, C/ d5 d' A5 b
Syrian Air Force Il-76s, operating as civil Syrianair aircraft, have been reportedly used to ship weapons, money, and other cargo from Russia and Iran to Syria, according to a defected Syrian military pilot. Since the start of the war, in April 2011 (and up to July 2012), around 20 military flights have been conducted to and from Tehran, via Iraqi airspace. Further information exposes that since around 2012, Syrian Il-76s have regularly flown to Moscow's Vnukovo Airport to fetch shipments of Syrian banknotes that have been useful to Bashar al-Assad's government to survive Western sanctions.[28][29][30]
! `0 W K9 }- ]5 v' A& r参考译文:据报道,叙利亚空军伊尔-76飞机以民用叙利亚航空公司的名义运营,据一名叛逃的叙利亚飞行员称,这些飞机被用于从俄罗斯和伊朗向叙利亚运送武器、金钱和其他货物。自2011年4月战争开始以来(截至2012年7月),大约有20架军用飞机往返德黑兰,途经伊拉克领空。进一步的信息显示,自2012年左右以来,叙利亚伊尔-76飞机定期飞往莫斯科的符拉索夫机场,提取对巴沙尔·阿萨德政府在西方制裁下生存有用的叙利亚钞票。[28][29][30]
( }' r! R# v G7 {2013年6月,俄罗斯方面宣布将向中国空军提供十架二手伊尔-76MD军用运输机。根据2011年签署的合约,2013年至2015年期间俄罗斯将向中国提供俄空军现有的10架伊尔-76MD,并进行维修服务。[9] , R8 u; o; f( n$ m
On 14 June 2014, a Ukrainian Air Force Il-76 was shot down by ground fire from pro-Russian separatists while on approach to landing at Luhansk, resulting in the deaths of 40 soldiers and nine crew members on board.[31][32][33]4 E7 s4 D2 K; A7 u
参考译文:2014年6月14日,一架乌克兰空军伊尔-76飞机在降落卢甘斯克时被亲俄分裂分子的地面火力击落,机上40名士兵和9名机组人员死亡。 8 G! B1 h- F( ~' p2 }+ b
On 30 January 2017, an IL-76 firebomber of the Russian EMERCOM agency was deployed to Chile to assist firefighters. The assignment took 39 days.[34]
/ S1 a. C6 [3 U* b参考译文:2017年1月30日,俄罗斯紧急情况部(EMERCOM)的一架IL-76轰炸机被派往智利协助消防员。这次任务持续了39天。[34] & j% V) O* P' q, o! ~0 ? p3 x
All Il-76 transport aircraft in service with the RF Aerospace Forces were to receive anti-missile systems, and aircraft reconfiguration started in spring 2019.[35]+ k) c5 o7 {7 k
参考译文:所有在俄联邦空天军服役的伊尔-76运输机都将接收反导系统,飞机重新配置于2019年春季开始。[35]
% \2 a" `! U5 D) j. M5 [1 F7 OOn 25 February 2022, during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Ukrainian State Special Communications Agency and US officials claimed that Russian Il-76s were shot down over Bila Tserkva.[36] As of September 2022, no wreckage of the planes has been found.[37]
) P% p8 ]( y3 r3 F4 R参考译文:2022年2月25日,在2022年俄罗斯入侵乌克兰期间,乌克兰国家特别通信局和美国官员声称俄罗斯伊尔-76飞机在Bila Tserkva上空被击落。[36]截至2022年9月,尚未发现这些飞机的残骸。[37] 3 P- u8 L- B7 ^7 f3 ~- r
On 4 April 2022, photographs of two destroyed Il-76s from the Ukrainian 25th Transport Aviation Brigade were displayed; these cargo planes were destroyed on the ground by Russian forces at Melitopol Airport.[38]7 @8 y8 y! i# q' e7 s/ A" Z% r! d3 V
参考译文:2022年4月4日,乌克兰第25运输航空旅的两架被摧毁的伊尔-76飞机的照片被展示出来;这些货运飞机在梅利托波尔机场被俄罗斯军队摧毁。[38] 6 g5 W+ a1 L. {
On 30 August 2023, four Il-76s were reportedly destroyed by Ukrainian kamikaze drone strikes at Pskov Airport.[39][40]* Y/ E" x& {2 N" R) T
参考译文:2023年8月30日,据报道,四架伊尔-76飞机在普斯科夫机场被乌克兰神风无人机袭击摧毁。[39][40] ! n6 Y8 I/ J7 X7 e* P* w- v
3. 子型号 | Variants
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参考译文:您可以使用来自俄语对应文章的翻译文本来帮助扩展此部分。(2022年10月)点击[显示]以获取重要的翻译说明。
9 y9 ^ H( ^, `5 f 3.1 原型机和开发变体 |Prototypes and developmental variants; w' ]7 \+ [4 b# O: }3 s
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# J! C, r) e) m* [5 G% L' n2 i) x, f此图片遵循CC BY- SA 3.0协议 / H% x2 A7 T t) l6 \, S/ h' |
辽观搬运的中国内地版协议文本链接 ; _& r2 Y' Z0 m. P
图片题注:Il-76TD-90, Aviadvigatel PS-90 engines have larger diameter.
8 V) E# h' B! l& w+ ?% G5 o6 ~参考译文:伊尔- 76TD -90、Aviadvigatel PS-90发动机直径更大。' ~( E% X$ b/ Z( H0 [+ K4 b; F. w
图片作者:bomberpilot
' p; u: o0 H9 }; p! u Il-76TD-90 / Il-76MD-90: Engine upgrades to Perm PS-90s.# N; ^2 o2 T: T# j
参考译文:引擎升级为Perm PS-90s + F/ O4 P: D8 U7 P7 c8 [& t
Il-76 firebomber: Firefighting aircraft to drop exploding capsules filled with fire retardant.
/ V ^. b' L1 w: C# \9 p参考译文:伊尔-76火神轰炸机 - 灭火飞机,可投放装有阻燃剂的爆炸胶囊。 : ?' P" U3 P- u) I& w
Il-76PSD: SAR version ofIl-76MF
6 u6 c* s) c; o, j& C& Z参考译文:伊尔-76MF的搜索救援版本。 5 w& c {- |9 _( u1 \# ^
Il-96: Early development of convertible passenger/cargo aircraft, (project only, designation re-used later)( s4 g: R K% \3 j/ ^/ ~2 w c! ]
参考译文:伊尔-96 - 早期开发的可转换客运/货运飞机(仅为项目,后重新使用设计名称)。 4 \6 B1 k2 f# ^' ~
Il-150: proposed Beriev A-50 with Perm PS-90 engines.
: ~2 l1 s8 z3 w) @, Y& j8 J ~参考译文:计划中的配备Perm PS-90发动机的贝利亚耶夫A-50。
: b1 x. f5 x, V) g& j- ZBeriev A-60: Airborne laser weapon testbed. (Il-76 version 1A)9 D7 }3 t9 P* i; E+ y
参考译文:机载激光武器测试平台。(伊尔-76版本1A)
$ R* v" k' ^& x) }2 P# K8 F" l特殊目的 / 研究用改型 | Special purpose / research variants
, t) l }7 [8 ?: c6 n4 u$ TIl-76LL: with reinforced wing (at least 3 aircraft) to be used as test-bed aeroplane for engine prototypes flight testing inGromov Flight Research Institute.
+ @: v2 B5 P2 u" ~/ Q& a% k& m9 M参考译文:带有加强翼(至少3架飞机),用作格罗莫夫飞行研究所发动机原型机飞行测试的试验台飞机。
- V$ b/ E* E3 S; X; r+ T+ V8 m' iIzdeliye-176: prototype Il-76PP.
6 G2 R/ P1 i- d1 z% M5 r参考译文:伊尔-76PP的原型机
. E9 |* T0 g5 [: T/ `- fIzdeliye-576 . I) ?: T/ V4 c$ y6 ]% k
Izdeliye-676: Telemetry and communications relay aircraft, for use during trial programmes (prototype).. P3 S% O- O0 F- K. Y/ m8 ~* l E
参考译文:遥测和通信中继飞机,用于试验计划(原型机)。
& ~, M; c" S+ d* ~ S, E6 Y$ cIzdeliye-776: Telemetry and communications relay aircraft, for use during trial programmes (prototype).% n$ D6 \" A% u; g0 Z: E& C7 f0 D
参考译文:遥测和通信中继飞机,用于试验计划(原型机)。 ! {& ?5 i# a# f# C! B
Izdeliye-976 ("SKIP", Il-976, or Il-76SK)[41]– (СКИП – Самолетный Контрольно-Измерительный Пункт, Airborne Check-Measure-and-Control Center): Il-76/A-50 based Range Control and Missile tracking platform. Initially built to supportRaduga Kh-55 cruise missiletests.$ _( O6 \% Z0 K/ \) ^8 ]
参考译文:(“SKIP”、Il-976 或 Il-76SK)[41]–(SKIP - 机载检查测量和控制中心):基于 Il-76/A-50 的距离控制和导弹跟踪平台。 最初是为了支持 Raduga Kh-55 巡航导弹测试而建造的。 l% r8 h3 X I. U
Izdeliye-1076: Special mission aircraft for unknown duties.
E2 S# r' t) Z, o: n! A; z" {3 e参考译文:执行未知任务的特殊任务飞机。
* O9 ^7 K; y ~3 K2 MIzdeliye-1176: ELINT electronic intelligence aircraft, orIl-76-11
/ Y, Y( p' c- G5 W参考译文:ELINT 电子情报飞机,也被称为伊尔-76-11
) t( I" n( I* b) A g' }3.2 军用版本 | Military Variants0 D& V# p9 s% k4 b( D# c1 f" g
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辽观搬运和翻译的协议文本:「链接」 ( V I+ p0 [$ S* h7 C7 X
图片题注:中国人民解放军空军的IL-76,全闭合式的起落架盖板是其重要特色。
7 F: P; v- P8 d" [: B3 r图片作者:Darren Koch
+ @" }0 V+ C2 s# N+ x+ W Il-76-Tu160 tailplane transporter: One-off temporary conversion to support Tu-160 emergency modification programme.
7 A9 t4 f+ J" {1 v参考译文:Tu160尾翼运输机 - 一次性临时改装以支持Tu-160紧急修改计划。 9 F$ @ M% l* D( F8 {8 N6 X# q3 X; j
Il-76D: ('D' for "Desantnyi",Десантный– "Paratrooper transport") has a gun turret in the tail for defensive purposes.% X2 \/ j3 i$ ^6 C d: g, p
参考译文:("D"代表"Desantnyi",Десантный – "Paratrooper transport")在尾部有一个用于防御目的的枪塔。
9 G4 o& T* ?0 j( U3 I0 zIl-76K/Il-76MDK/Il-76MDK-II: Zero-g cosmonaut trainer ( dlya podgotovki kosmonavtov), used byYuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center. % R- D& H( C# |4 g% c+ [
参考译文:零重力宇航员训练器(dlya podgotovki kosmonavtov),由Yuri Gagarin宇航员 培训中心使用。
- v5 T, A1 o$ H6 H) W6 @6 }0 i4 @Il-76LL: Engine testbed, (ooniversahl'naya letayuschchaya laboratoriya).
( Z: `9 B, h* H; D: I: a& ]% |参考译文:发动机试验台,(拉丁化俄语:通用飞行实验室)。
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+ X/ N( Y9 c9 }& ]辽观搬运的CC BY-SA 4.0中英对照国际协议文本链接 2 O& g- t% N- }& f0 J+ o
图片题注:Il-76LL with PD-14 engine prototype under testing, 2015
! H: q, ?1 [ r9 W+ k/ U参考译文:正在测试的带有 PD-14 发动机原型的 Il-76LL,2015 年! l4 j$ D2 @: U0 @1 {
图片作者:Alex Snow# z" E% ]6 Z+ X7 N9 ?( B; H# T! a% D
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辽观搬运和翻译的协议文本: 安全验证 - 知乎7 f: r' w S* n2 H/ {3 o$ Z! w
图片题注:Il-76LL SKIP testbed, 1999
" l* G, \/ s, `1 d参考译文:Il-76LL SKIP 测试台,1999 年
: v# u+ |6 {) p. R图片作者:Aktug Ates* B+ I$ |! A6 W
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Il-76M: Military transport version, (modifitseerovannyy– modified). F6 |6 j/ a* C! R
参考译文:军事运输版本,(拉丁化俄语:修改版)。
2 A! I* s% C7 }. F, C; ~* EIl-76MD: Improved military transport version, (modifitseerovannyy Dahl'ny– modified, long-range).
, V. c( x' W. Z) K6 g3 w参考译文: 改进型军事运输版本,(拉丁化俄语:修改后的远程)。 0 }2 \, v# m2 |' Q! o( \/ A
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图片题注:Il-76MD GSh-23 tail guns0 R/ a% K8 ], ~& d( y0 X$ \
参考译文:Il-76MD GSh-23 尾炮/ }1 K9 y% Q! }1 H/ @
图片作者:Alan Wilson from Stilton, Peterborough, Cambs, UK7 U8 z1 V3 l7 g) O, r) | q8 z- d
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3 H$ N A3 {( T3 N辽观搬运的CC BY-SA 3.0中国内地版协议文本
0 _, c$ r4 y( |% o" @ 图片题注:Il-76MD cargo cabin0 a- C9 O3 X2 n* `
参考译文:Il-76MD货舱. R( W7 j! e# V# Q+ ~* M6 v
图片作者:User№101- n# B. q D0 E+ D; p
Il-76MD Skal'pel-MT: Mobile Hospital" c7 m1 x r1 ^8 ?1 e9 G8 j# Y
参考译文:移动医院
7 i& }# f/ h* b5 TIl-76M / Il-76MD: Built without military equipment but designated as Ms and MDs (Gordon – 'Falsies')
5 U& R. ?% m! }7 `5 [9 I, |参考译文:没有装备军事设备但被指定为M和MDs(Gordon – 'Falsies')的建造。) " H# j' X/ S/ U7 }5 u
Il-76MD-90: An Il-76MD with quieter and more economical Aviadvigatel PS-90 high-bypass turbofan engines.
8 g. l& P0 N0 P# C+ `0 _参考译文:一种装有更安静、更经济的Aviadvigatel PS-90高涵道涡轮风扇发动机的Il-76MD。 $ y' ~5 s' S" Q7 h( I! p8 X
Il-76MF: Stretched military version with a 6.6 m longer fuselage, PS-90A-76 engines, maximum takeoff weight of 210 tonnes and a lift capability of 60 tonnes. First flew in 1995, not built in series so far,[1]just built for Jordan.' n% F7 N0 k& _* |
参考译文:具有更长的机身(长6.6米)、PS-90A-76发动机、最大起飞重量210吨和提升能力60吨的军事版本。于1995年首次飞行,目前尚未系列生产,仅建造了一架供约旦使用。
& Z$ w; l7 u& {: @ z* m- _5 o; YIl-76PP: ECM aircraft, major problems with ECM equipment on the Izdeliye-176 only.
% ?* S3 M+ a! P' T参考译文:电子战飞机,主要问题出现在Izdeliye-176上的电子战设备上。 ) q& s7 X2 M; l- C* L& d
Il-76MD-M: Modernized Il-76MD for the Russian Aerospace Forces.[42][43][44]& Y: Q e0 U: g1 h* C2 L4 O& H
参考译文:为俄罗斯航空航天部队现代化改造的Il-76MD。[42][43][44]
6 n8 [' l0 L: r, E( J4 I2 TIl-76MD-90A: An upgraded version with a new glass cockpit, upgraded avionics, new one-piece carbon-fibre wing, and Aviadvigatel PS-90A-76 engines. It was also known as Il-476 while in development.[10][45]. K: M4 x6 |+ e. k0 g
参考译文:升级版,配备新的玻璃驾驶舱、升级的航空电子设备、新型一体式碳纤维机翼和Aviadvigatel PS-90A-76发动机。在研发过程中也被称为Il-476。[10][45] ! U& m4 ~ s1 ]0 B- y! l7 I/ ^; c' i, i
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辽观搬运的CC BY-SA 3.0中国内地版协议文本
/ P5 w- N: K! b* r% _ 图片题注:Il-76MD-90A of the Russian Aerospace Forces
' L5 e- O$ y3 B5 z3 P参考译文:俄罗斯空天军的Il-76MD-90A8 n( W ~5 A" X: z7 A- J5 O% @
图片作者:Alexey Reznichenko- G! @; ?1 `2 d& k0 X& D
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Il-76T/Il-76TD: Built as military aircraft but given civilian designations. (Gordon – 'Falsie'), V: g O# F- Q2 U3 M! t8 v1 I
参考译文:作为军用飞机建造,但赋予民用设计编号。(Gordon – 'Falsie') ) o% G" m" ^/ Q8 _4 k
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9 P2 K2 F+ o- w参考译文:伊尔-76TD的玻璃机鼻
3 I: k1 ^& s% Y( l图片作者:sulivanmark: y4 p4 E; f, l) A+ L3 n# E1 @
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: |4 a, u/ ~+ r5 V1 j9 T/ E4 T Ilyushin Il-78/Il-78M/Il-78MD-90A: Aerial refuelling tanker.
3 F! d( o8 y c% G1 f) m! v参考译文:空中加油机
( ?4 L2 z+ I8 b/ b9 e; M9 i5 tIl-78 MKI: A customized version of the Il-78 developed for the Indian Air Force.. n- g' g, U9 W0 @' \: ]
参考译文:为印度空军开发的Il-78定制版本。
1 Z. A* o5 u5 t# X* B* f$ B% _Il-82: Airborne Command Post/communications relay aircraft, (alternative designation – Il-76VKP-'version65S').- l! Q; x. r1 I9 z9 Z
参考译文:空中指挥所/通信中继飞机,(备选编号 - Il-76VKP-'version65S')。
: d2 `" U% s/ X$ j3 bIl-84: Maritime Search and Rescue aircraft, (alternative designation – Il-76PS-poiskovo-spasahtel'nyy), not produced.
9 t# q @+ y$ y! [9 V( @参考译文:海上搜救飞机,(备选编号 - Il-76PS-poiskovo-spasahtel'nyy),未生产。 4 }1 s, l. R3 t b: [5 \
Beriev A-50/Beriev A-50M/Beriev A-50I/Beriev A-50E: Airborne Early Warning & Control aircraft. Beriev given control over the program.1 r8 v4 y/ C6 z# b
参考译文:空中早期预警和控制飞机。Beriev获得对该计划的控制。
x* m/ u v q3 k0 s. U5 TBeriev A-100: An AEW&C version of the Il-76MD-90A.
: R" T: J2 z4 S% d/ G! Z' A参考译文:基于Il-76MD-90A的AEW&C版本。 ) w) z1 J9 \$ Y2 ^1 n
3.3 民用版本 | Civil variants
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Il-76MGA: Initial Commercial freighter. (two prototypes and 12 production) equipped with Soloviev D-30 Turbofan engines.[46]
) |1 ^3 e# z4 q& w+ K B; J1 j参考译文:初始商业货机。配备索洛维耶夫D-30涡轮风扇发动机。(两个原型和12架生产) * `9 ]- V" X0 F
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9 t( y1 N0 |8 s5 W此图片属于公共领域
) W! {* a; ?# a! {1 Z" P图片题注:A commercial variant of the Ilyushin Il-76, loading cargo at Ali Air Base,Iraq( t/ J" g# c* ?2 \% R* [
参考译文:伊留申 Il-76 的商业改型,正在伊拉克阿里空军基地装载货物6 X5 ~6 n3 |6 W" U* F2 K( q! j7 `
图片作者:Sgt. Sabrina Johnson (U.S. Air Force photo by Tech. Sgt. Sabrina Johnson/Released)$ p Q) Q* z3 F! N' S5 ~
Il-76MD to Il-76TD conversions: Complete removal of military equipment, identified by crude cover over OBIGGS inlet in Starboard Sponson.
. ]) V9 A: B' E! @3 V* [, G参考译文:通过粗糙的覆盖右翼拱门内的OBIGGS进气口可以识别出来,该版本完全移除了军事装备。 8 r! i: J9 r f5 C, { W9 h
Il-76P / Il-76TP / Il-76TDP / Il-76MDP: Firefighting aircraft. The Il-76 waterbomber is a VAP-2 1.5-hour install/removal tanking kit conversion. The Il-76 can carry up to 13,000 U.S. gallons (49,000 liters) of water; 3.5 times the capacity of theC-130 Hercules. Since this kit can be installed on any Il-76, the designation Il-76TP, Il-76TDP are also used when those versions of the Il-76 are converted into waterbombers. The Il-76P was first unveiled in 1990.
9 O+ ]% X& Z1 \; ^6 |& @8 u1 b参考译文:灭火飞机。伊尔-76灭火飞机是一种VAP-2 1.5小时安装/拆卸水箱改装套件。伊尔-76可以携带高达13,000美国加仑(49,000升)的水;是C-130大力神的3.5倍容量。由于这个套件可以安装在任何伊尔-76上,因此当那些版本的伊尔-76被改装成灭火飞机时,也会使用Il-76TP、Il-76TDP的代号。Il-76P于1990年首次亮相。
, H5 i9 G8 a+ i0 l) O/ B+ TIl-76T: ('T' for Transport, Транспортный) unarmed civil cargo transport version. NATO code-name "Candid-A". It first flew on November 4, 1978.1 e9 D4 a. r$ S& Q( x1 c6 V3 h/ z7 ]
参考译文:('T'代表运输,Транспортный)非武装民用货运版本。北约代号"Candid-A"。它于1978年11月4日首次飞行。
9 c# H' x% v: U7 UIl-76TD: The civil equivalent of the Il-76MD, first flew in 1982, equipped with Soloviev D-30Turbofan engines.[46]
% T( d2 f! u8 C参考译文:伊尔-76MD的民用等效版本,于1982年首次飞行,配备索洛维耶夫D-30涡轮风扇发动机。[46]
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此图片遵循CC BY- SA 4.0协议
# n+ r6 H/ @2 p) ?辽观搬运的CC BY-SA 4.0中英对照国际协议文本: z3 V3 i& j8 A3 z
图片题注:An Il-76TD belonging to theIRGC, used as afirefighting aircraft
) ^+ e5 z; w% U+ P4 [* F参考译文:IRGC 的一架 Il-76TD,用作消防飞机
4 O6 m: I% G: x- M图片作者:Shahram Sharifi
" i9 Y. Y4 ?2 l, {; c0 T* W! Z Il-76TD-90: An Il-76TD with Aviadvigatel PS-90 engines and a partial glass cockpit.- o. I p9 M& y9 g. O7 ~$ W
参考译文:配备Aviadvigatel PS-90发动机和部分玻璃驾驶舱的伊尔-76TD。 + @' v" E0 Y4 l- @& q
Il-76TD-90VD: An Il-76TD with Aviadvigatel PS-90 engines and a partialglass cockpit. It was developed specially for Volga-Dnepr cargo company, which operates five aircraft as of 2021.[47]) N$ z* h' B2 W
参考译文:配备Aviadvigatel PS-90发动机和部分玻璃驾驶舱的伊尔-76TD。它是专门为伏尔加-第聂伯货运公司开发的,截至2021年,该公司运营五架飞机。[47]
" a3 Y, z: M' M; sIl-76TD-S: Civilian mobile Hospital, similar to Il-76MD Skal'pel-MT.
/ V8 y# j. c1 ~3 a1 d8 ~# l3 o参考译文:类似于伊尔-76MD Skal'pel-MT的民用移动医院。
3 K1 g; [1 {1 i+ W* z9 U. wIl-76TF: Civil transport stretched version with Aviadvigatel PS-90 engines. It is the civil version of the Il-76MF (none produced).
: ~: A$ R0 e3 V, A( Q* v; H6 P参考译文:配备Aviadvigatel PS-90发动机的民用运输延伸版本。它是伊尔-76MF(未生产)的民用版本。 3 ]4 `" q6 `* v- f+ U _
3.4 外国版本 | Foreign variants
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2 d3 s3 x! Y, j0 P8 Z+ p) YBeriev A-50E/I: For the Indian Air Force. Hosts Israeli Phalcon radar for AEW&C and Aviadvigatel PS-90engines.[48] # ~+ D; o; I0 E! G. @( G6 u
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此图片遵循CC BY- SA 3.0协议 " R- W( F; c/ S6 ?! H; |4 A" f
辽观搬运的CC BY-SA 3.0中国内地版协议文本
5 G; p$ h, A( t 图片题注:The A-50E/I Mainstay of the Indian Air Force* N' x1 K6 s* c. a( K5 v8 G
参考译文:印度空军的 A-50E/I 中流砥柱/ P; D! w3 v4 Z7 a) n9 ?
图片作者:Michael Sender
/ C$ ~- a& Q6 h1 w7 n0 D& D Il-76MD tanker: Iraqi Air Force tanker conversions.! S3 K' e$ n/ I+ O! F* m! G
参考译文:伊拉克空军的加油机改装型
% [5 `- _' q* i7 \. u8 c; c2 KKJ-2000: Domestic Chinese airborne early warning and control conversion of Il-76, developed after A-50 Iwas cancelled and currently in service with the armed forces of China." D, Q* b- |" c, [+ _$ |$ Q
参考译文:中国制造的空中预警和控制改装伊尔-76,在印度取消了A-50I后开发,目前为中国军队服役。 5 k5 L# M3 k8 x& j
CFTE engine testbed: The China Flight Test Establishment (CFTE) currently operates a flying testbed converted from a Russian-made Il-76MD jet transport aircraft to serve as a flying testbed for future engine development programmes. The first engine to be tested on the aircraft is the WS-10A "Taihang" turbofan, currently being developed as the powerplant for China's indigenous J-10 and J-11 fighter aircraft. Il-76MD #76456, acquired by the AVIC 1 from Russia in the 1990s, is currently based at CFTE's flight test facility at Yanliang, Shaanxi Province.
+ @, [& Q- C. G& z参考译文:中国飞行测试机构(CFTE)目前运营一架从俄罗斯制造的伊尔-76MD喷气式运输机改装而来的飞行测试平台,作为未来发动机开发计划的飞行测试平台。该飞机上测试的第一个发动机是WS-10A "太行"涡轮风扇发动机,目前正在为中国自主研发的J-10和J-11战斗机开发动力装置。AVIC 1在1990年代从俄罗斯购买了伊尔-76MD #76456,目前位于陕西省延安市的CFTE飞行测试设施内。
& H- E& a) y+ W5 \: z! E# pBaghdad-1: Iraqi development with a radar mounted in the cargo hold enabling it to serve as AEW&C, used in the Iran–Iraq War.# Q! R. p% r7 ?* c& K! p* j2 s
参考译文:伊拉克开发,雷达安装在货舱内,可用于AEW&C,在伊朗–伊拉克战争中使用。
$ {2 ~. s, R; r0 w: |. H! ]Baghdad-2: Iraqi development (with French assistance) with fibreglass-reinforced plastic radome over the antenna of the Thomson-CSF Tiger G surveillance radar with a maximum detection range of 350 km (190 nmi; 220 mi). One was destroyed on the ground during the 1991 Persian Gulf War; two others were flown to Iran where they remained.[49]At least one went into service with the IRIAF. One aircraftcrashedfollowing a midair collision with a HESA Saeqeh fighter, during the annual Iranian military parade in Teheran.[50]It can be distinguished from the Beriev A-50 by having the Il-76 navigator windows in the nose, which the A-50 does not.
; w# c# e- a3 f+ a参考译文:伊拉克开发(法国协助),在汤姆森-CSF Tiger G监视雷达天线上安装玻璃纤维增强塑料雷达罩,最大探测范围为350公里(190海里;220英里)。其中一架在1991年波斯湾战争中被摧毁;另外两架飞往伊朗,一直留在那里。至少有一架被伊朗伊斯兰共和国空军投入使用。另一架在德黑兰举行的伊朗年度军事阅兵期间与HESA Saeqeh战斗机发生空中碰撞后坠毁。它可以与Beriev A-50区分开来,因为它在鼻子上有伊尔-76导航员窗口,而A-50没有。
: i" H% R* \" {( a, `. f# A- w' S费尔康预警机:为以色列航天工业基于A-50平台安装“费尔康”雷达研发的大型预警机(AWACS),原打算售予中华人民共和国,然而在美国压力下合同取消,该型预警机被改售给印度,被称为A-50I。 ) M R5 d% O; k0 D! B
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5 a% G k9 v. V+ }9 }参见、参考文献、外部链接
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https://wikipedia.cathayviews.online/index.php/2023/10/17/ilyushin-il-76/ |